Woodblock printing, which appeared in China before 220 AD, was the earliest known form of printing applied to paper. The movable type invented by Bi Sheng around 1040 AD and the printing press invented by Johannes Gutenberg in the 15th century are also later developments in printing technology.
When you don't have access to a local printer, FedEx-Kinkos is probably a pretty good bet. It is also just about $0.10 per page to print [black & white] on your own paper! Most office supply stores (Office Depot, Staples) sell certain quantities of paper, including coloured cardstock.
As the inventor of the printing press, Johannes Gutenberg is usually cited. Indeed, the 15th-century contribution of the German goldsmith to technology was revolutionary, allowing for the mass production of books and the rapid dissemination of knowledge across Europe.
For printing photos and color documents, inkjet printers are better, and while there are color laser printers, they are more expensive. Laser printers don't use ink, unlike inkjet printers. The trade-off is that, in general, laser printers are more costly.
Thanks to PNGs' high color depth, the format can handle high resolution photos easily. However, since it is a lossless web format, file sizes tend to become very large. PNG graphics are optimized for the screen. You could definitely print out a PNG, but you'd be better off with a JPEG (lossy) or a TIFF file.
If you have the original source file from which the PDF was created, re-create the PDF. Open the file in the original program (like a word processor or a program for page layout). Select File > Print, then choose the option to save a PDF file. Please open the new PDF file and try printing it again.
Lithography was primarily a graphic art form throughout the nineteenth century and, as such, still holds a high artistic reputation. Lithographs are artists' original artworks and are typically signed, while there is no signature for offset lithographic printing and reproductions.
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